Key Concept 9.2:
Moving into the 21st century, the nation
continued to experience challenges stemming from social, economic, and
demographic changes.
I. New
developments in science and technology enhanced the economy and transformed
society, while manufacturing decreased.
A. Economic productivity increased as
improvements in digital communications enabled increased American participation
in worldwide economic opportunities.
Examples: Outsourcing, Internet, World Trade Organization
(1995), globalization
A.
innovations
in computing, digital mobile technology, and the Internet transformed daily
life, increased access to information, and led to new social behaviors and
networks.
Examples: Microsoft violation of Sherman Antitrust Act
(2000), Y2K (2000), Wikipedia (2001), IPOD (2001), Facebook (2004), YouTube
(2005), Wikileaks (2010)
C.
Employment increased in service sectors and decreased
in manufacturing, and union membership declined.
Examples: Keystone pipeline debate, expansion of the
fracking industry (2012), clean coal, structural changes in employment,
increasing use of robotics in manufacturing, declining union membership
D. Real wages stagnated for the working and middle class amid
growing economic inequality.
Examples: Recession of 2008-2009, Emergency Economic
Stability Act (2008), American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009), Tea Party
movement (2009), rising income gap, Occupy Wall Street protests (2011)
II. The
U.S. population continued to undergo significant demographic shifts that had
profound cultural and political consequences.
A.
After 1980, the political,
economic, and cultural influences of the American South and West continued to
increase as population shifted to those areas.
Examples: Sunbelt
population gains, elections of Sunbelt presidents (LBJ, Nixon, Carter, Reagan,
George W. Bush, Clinton, and George H.W. Bush)
B. International migration from Latin
America and Asia increased dramatically.
The new immigrants affected U.S. culture in many ways and supplied the
economy with an important labor force.
Examples: Immigration
Reform and Control Act of 1986, Latinos become largest minority group in
America (2000)
C. Intense political and cultural debates continued over issues
such as immigration policy, diversity, gender roles, and family structures.
Examples: Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986,
Welfare Reform Act of 1996, No Child Left Behind (2002), Repeal of “Don’t Ask,
Don’t Tell” policy (2011), proposal for a Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act, repeal of the Defense of Marriage
Act (2013), legalization of same-sex marriage (2015)
Key
Concept 9.3:
The end of the Cold War and new challenges to U.S.
leadership forced the nation to redefine its foreign policy and role in the
world.
I. The Reagan administration promoted an
interventionist foreign policy that continued in later administrations, even
after the end of the Cold War.
A. Reagan asserted U.S. opposition to
communism through speeches, diplomatic efforts, limited military interventions,
and a buildup of nuclear and conventional weapons.
Examples: Reagan’s “evil empire” speech (1983), “Star
Wars” missile defense system (1983), US-Soviet summit meetings (1985-1988), Iran-Contra
scandal (1987),
B. Increased U.S. military spending,
Reagan’s diplomatic initiatives, and political changes and economic problems in
Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were all important in ending the Cold War.
Examples: Solidarity movement in Poland, Gorbachev’s
Glasnost and perestroika in the USSR, START I (1991)
C. The end of the Cold War led to new
diplomatic relationships but also new U.S. military and peacekeeping
interventions, as well as continued debates over the appropriate use of
American power in the world.
Examples: Persian Gulf War (1991), Operation Desert Storm
(1991), Oslo Accords (1993), former Soviet satellites join NATO, NATO bombing
of Yugoslavia (1999)
II. Following
the attacks of September 11, 2001, U.S. foreign policy efforts focused on
fighting terrorism around the world.
A. In the wake of attacks on the World Trade Center and the
Pentagon, the United States launched military efforts against terrorism and
lengthy, controversial conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Examples: 9/11 Attacks (2001), War on Terror (2001),
Operation Enduring Freedom (2001), Department of Homeland Security (2002), Iraq
War (2003-2011), capture of Saddam Hussein (2003), capture of Osama Bin Laden
(2011)
B.
The war on terrorism sought to
improve security within the United States but also raised questions about the
protection of civil liberties and human rights.
Examples: USA Patriot Act (2001), Guantanamo detainees
C. Conflicts in the Middle East and
concerns about climate change led to debates over U.S. dependence on fossil
fuels and the impact of economic consumption on the environment.
Examples: Global
warming debate, Keystone pipeline, British Petroleum oil spill (2010), increase
in fracking industry
D. Despite economic and foreign policy
challenges, the United States continued as the world’s leading superpower in
the 21st century.
Examples: Disagreements with policies
of Vladimir Putin in Ukraine, debate over Iran Nuclear Treaty, growing problem
of ISIS/ISIL in the Mideast, debate over the growing number of refugees from
the Mideast into Europe, debate over the use of drones in the military and in
commerce
2. Clinton/1990s
A. Economics - increasingly global and connected
- EU, China - economically powerful
- Globalization
- Economic Organizations: G8, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank
- Trade Agreements: North American Free Trade Agreement
- Internet: speeds up the spread of capitalism, communication, sharing of cultures, etc.
- Late 1990s - "Dot Com" Bubble (over investment in internet/tech), and its burst (investments fail). NASDAQ looses 80% of value in 2000 "Dot Com" crash.
- Growth in service sector jobs and stagnation of wages (in some cases dropping) for middle and lower incomes. Loss of manufacturing jobs.
- Greater economic inequality
- Deregulation of the financial and banking industries (easy credit...too easy...)
B. Culture Wars
- Immigration (1964-200: about 24 million immigrants)
- 50% from Latin America
- 30% from Asia
- 10% from Europe
- Racial/Economic Inequality
- Average white family worth $87,000
- Average Black family worth $5,400
- Rising Divorce rates, single parent families, rising co-habitation rates, lower teen pregnancy rates
- Gay Issues
- More socially acceptable, LGBT Rights
- "Don't Ask Don't Tell" - military policy
- Defense of Marriage Act - Fed law, states don't have to recognize gay marriages from other states, not recognized by Feds
- Tough on Crime - drugs laws, mandatory minimum sentences
- US 25% of all prisoners in world in jail in US
- Abortion Debate: Pro-life, or Pro-Choice
3. George W. Bush, 9/11 and "The War on Terror"
- 9/11
- It's effects: War in Afghanistan, War in Iraq, Patriot Act, PRISM, Guantanamo Bay Detention Facility, Bush Doctrine - "War on Terror," Drone Strikes
4. 2007-2008 Financial Collapse (The Great Recession)
HW - (100% test grade for Quarter 4)
2. Explain/define each concept/term/person/event
- Explanations MUST BE HAND WRITTEN (in your handwriting) on paper or index cards
3. COME SEE ME BEFORE LEAVING FOR VACATION TO PICK UP A PRINTED CONCEPT OUTLINE
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