B. Concerned by expansionist Communist
ideology and Soviet repression, the United States sought to contain communism
through a variety of measures, including major military engagements in Korea
and Vietnam.
Examples: Containment policy, George
F. Kennan’s “long telegram” (1946), domino theory, National Security Report 68/NSC-68 (1950), hydrogen bomb (1952),
John F. Dulles and massive retaliation (1954), Sputnik and the space race
(1957), National Defense Education Act (1958), JFK’s flexible response policy,
Truman’s “limited war” in the Korean War, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964),
Operation Rolling Thunder (1965-1968), Tet Offensive (1968)
E. Cold
War competition extended to Latin America, where the U.S. supported
non-Communist regimes that had varying levels of commitment to democracy.
Examples: US intervention in overthrow of leader of
Guatemala (1954), US embargo of Cuba (1960), Bay of Pigs (1961), Alliance for
Progress (1961), Peace Corps (1961), Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
B. Although
anticommunist foreign policy faced little domestic opposition in previous
years, the Vietnam War inspired
sizable and passionate antiwar protests that became more numerous as the war
escalated, and sometimes led to violence.
Examples: Teach-ins (1965), hawks vs. doves, credibility
gap, Fulbright hearings (1966-1967), Students for a Democratic Society Columbia
University protest (1968), Democratic National Convention riots (1968), Vietnam
Moratorium Day (1969), Woodstock (1969), exposure of the My Lai Massacre
(1969), Pentagon Papers (1969), Kent State and Jackson State (1970)
C. Americans
debated the merits of a large nuclear arsenal, the military-industrial complex,
and the appropriate power of the executive branch in conducting foreign and
military policy.
Examples: Eisenhower’s Farewell Address warning against
the growing military-industry complex (1961), Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964),
SALT I (1969), New York Times v. US (1971),
War Powers Act (1973)
II. Responding
to social conditions and the African American civil rights movement, a variety
of movements emerged that focused on issues of identity, social justice, and
the environment.
A. Feminist and gay and
lesbian activists mobilized behind claims for legal, economic, and social
equality.
Examples: Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963),
Equal Pay Act of 1963, Stonewall Riots (1969), National Organization for
Women (1966), Gloria Steinem’s Ms.
Magazine (1971) and the National Women’s Political Caucus (1971), Title IX
(1972), Roe v. Wade (1973)
B. Latino,
American Indian, and Asian American movements continued to demand social and
economic equality and a redress of past injustices.
Examples: American Indian Movement (1968), Indians of All
Tribes and the Occupation of Alcatraz (1969), Cesar Chavez and the United Farm
Workers (1962), Delano grape strike (1965-1970), US v. Wheeler (1978)
C.
Despite an overall affluence in
postwar America, advocates raised concerns about the prevalence and persistence
of poverty as a national problem.
Examples: John Kenneth Galbraith’s Affluent Society (1958), Michael Harrington’s The Other America (1962), Kerner Commission (1968)
D. Environmental
problems and accidents led to a growing environmental movement that aimed to
use legislative and public efforts to combat pollution and protect natural
resources. The federal government established new environmental programs and
regulations.
Examples: Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962), Wilderness Protection Act of 1964, Water
Quality Act of 1965, Clean Air Act of 1970, Environmental Protection Act of
1970, Earth Day (1970), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1970)
I.
Liberalism influenced postwar politics and court decisions, but it
came under increasing attack from the left as well as from a resurgent
conservative movement.
A. Liberalism,
based on anticommunism abroad and a firm belief in the efficacy of government
power to achieve social goals at home, reached a high point of political
influence by the mid-1960s.
Examples: Students for a Democratic Society (1962), Port
Huron Statement (1962), “New Left”, University of California Berkeley and the
Free Speech movement (1964-1965), Columbia University protests (1968),
Woodstock (1969)
B. Liberal
ideas found expression in Lyndon Johnson’s Great
Society, which attempted to use federal legislation and programs to end
racial discrimination, eliminate poverty, and address other social issues. A series
of Supreme Court decisions expanded civil rights and individual liberties.
Examples: Engel v. Vitale (1962), Jobs Corp (1964), Economic Opportunity Act
(1964), Food Stamp Act (1964), Medicaid (1965), Medicare (1965), Head Start
(1965), Department of Housing and Urban Development (1965), Immigration and
Nationality Act (1965), Griswold v.
Connecticut (1965), Warren Court, Miranda
v. Arizona (1966), Griggs v. Duke
Power (1971), Roe v. Wade (1973)
D. Some
groups on the left also rejected liberal policies, arguing that political
leaders did too little to transform the racial and economic status quo at home
and pursued immoral policies abroad.
Examples: Black Panther Party (1966), Yippies, Black
Power movement, draft evasion during Vietnam War, conscientious objectors,
Muhammed Ali’s refusal to honor the draft.
C. Immigrants
from around the world sought access to the political, social, and economic
opportunities in the United States, especially after the passage of new
immigration laws in 1965.
Examples: Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), increase
in immigration of families related to legal immigrants, increase in immigration
from Latin America and Asia, refugees from wars in Southeast Asia
B. Feminists
and young people who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected
many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents’
generation, introduced greater informality into U.S. culture, and advocated
changes in sexual norms.
Examples: Birth control pill (1960), Masters and Johnsons’ Human Sexual Response (1966), sexual
revolution, communes
2. 1960s - JFK, LBJ, Vietnam, and Social Movements - APUSH Explained Slideshow
3. LBJ - Great Society and the "war on poverty"
4. Social "Power Movements of the 1960s and the New Left/Counter Culture
5. Cold War into the 1960s (Vietnam War) - Crash Course
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